Computer environment

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types of computing

Traditional Computing

As computing matures, the lines separating many of the traditional computing environments are blurring. This environment consisted of PCs connected to a network, with servers providing file and print services. Terminals attached to mainframes were prevalent at many companies as well, with even fewer remote access and portability options. The current trend is toward providing more ways to access these computing environments. Web technologies are stretching the boundaries of traditional computing. Companies establish portals, which provide web accessibility to their internal servers. Network computers are essentially terminals that understand web-based computing. Handheld computers can synchronize with PCs to allow very portable use of company information. Handheld PDAs can also connect to wireless networks to use the company's web portal.

Batch system processed jobs in bulk, with predetermined input. Interactive systems waited for input from users. To optimize the use of the computing resources, multiple users shared time on these systems. Time-sharing systems used a timer and scheduling algorithms to rapidly cycle processes through the CPU, giving each user a share of the resources.

Traditional Computing

As computing matures, the lines separating many of the traditional computing environments are blurring. This environment consisted of PCs connected to a network, with servers providing file and print services. Terminals attached to mainframes were prevalent at many companies as well, with even fewer remote access and portability options.

The current trend is toward providing more ways to access these computing environments. Web technologies are stretching the boundaries of traditional computing. Companies establish portals, which provide web accessibility to their internal servers. Network computers are essentially terminals that understand web-based computing. Handheld computers can synchronize with PCs to allow very portable use of company information. Handheld PDAs can also connect to wireless networks to use the company's web portal.

Batch system processed jobs in bulk, with predetermined input. Interactive systems waited for input from users. To optimize the use of the computing resources, multiple users shared time on these systems. Time-sharing systems used a timer and scheduling algorithms to rapidly cycle processes through the CPU, giving each user a share of the resources.

Client-Server Computing

Designers have shifted away from centralized system architecture. Terminals connected to centralized systems are now being supplanted by PCs. Correspondingly, user interface functionality once handled directly by the centralized systems is increasingly being handled by the PCs. As a result, many of today’s systems acts as server systems to satisfy requests generated by client systems Server systems can be broadly categorized as compute servers and file servers:

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• The compute-server system provides an interface to which a client can send a request to perform an action (for example, read data); in response, the server executes the action and sends back results to the client. A server running a database that responds to client requests for data is an example of such a system.

The file-server system provides a file-system interface where clients can create, update, read, and delete files. An example of such a system is a web server that delivers files to clients running web browsers.

Peer-to-Peer Computing

In this model, clients and servers are not distinguished from one another; instead, all nodes within the system are considered peers, and each may act as either a client or a server, depending on whether it is requesting or providing a service. Peer-to-peer systems offer an advantage over traditional client-server systems. In a client-server system, the server is a bottleneck; but in a peer-to-peer system, services can be provided by several nodes distributed throughout the network.

To participate in a peer-to-peer system, a node must first join the network of peers. Once a node has joined the network, it can begin providing services to—and requesting services from—other nodes in the network.

Determining what services are available is accomplished in one of two general ways:

• When a node joins a network, it registers its service with a centralized lookup service on the network. Any node desiring a specific service first contacts this centralized lookup service to determine which node provides the service. The remainder of the communication takes place between the client and the service provider.

• A peer acting as a client must first discover what node provides a desired service by broadcasting a request for the service to all other nodes in the network. The node (or nodes) providing that service responds to the peer making the request. To support this approach, a discovery protocol must be provided that allows peers to discover services provided by other peers in the network.

Web-Based Computing

The Web has become ubiquitous, leading to more access by a wider variety of devices than was dreamt of a few years ago. Web computing has increased the emphasis on networking. Devices that were not previously networked now include wired or wireless access. Devices that were networked now have faster network connectivity, provided by either improved networking technology, optimized network implementation code, or both.

The implementation of web-based computing has given rise to new categories of devices, such as load balancers, which distribute network connections among a pool of similar servers. Operating systems like Windows 95, which acted as web clients, have evolved into Linux and Windows XP, which can act as web servers as well as clients. Generally, the Web has increased the complexity of devices, because

their users require them to be web-enabled.

Designers have shifted away from centralized system architecture. Terminals connected to centralized systems are now being supplanted by PCs. Correspondingly, user interface functionality once handled directly by the centralized systems is increasingly being handled by the PCs. As a result, many of today’s systems acts as server systems to satisfy requests generated by client systems Server systems can be

broadly categorized as compute servers and file servers:

• The compute-server system provides an interface to which a client can send a request to perform an action (for example, read data); in response, the server executes the action and sends back results to the client. A server running a database that responds to client requests for data is an example of such a

system.

The file-server system provides a file-system interface where clients can create, update, read, and delete files. An example of such a system is a web server that delivers files to clients running web browsers.

Peer-to-Peer Computing In this model, clients and servers are not distinguished from one another; instead, all nodes within the system are considered peers, and each may act as either a client or a server, depending on whether it is requesting or providing a service. Peer-to-peer systems offer an advantage over traditional client-server systems. In a client-server system, the server is a bottleneck; but in a peer-to-peer system, services can be provided by several nodes distributed throughout the network.

To participate in a peer-to-peer system, a node must first join the network of peers. Once a node has joined the network, it can begin providing services to—and requesting services from—other nodes in the network.

Determining what services are available is accomplished in one of two general ways:

• When a node joins a network, it registers its service with a centralized lookup service on the network. Any node desiring a specific service first contacts this centralized lookup service to determine which node provides the service. The remainder of the communication takes place between the client and the service provider.

• A peer acting as a client must first discover what node provides a desired service by broadcasting a request for the service to all other nodes in the network. The node (or nodes) providing that service responds to the peer making the request. To support this approach, a discovery protocol must be provided that allows peers to discover services provided by other peers in the network.

Web-Based Computing

The Web has become ubiquitous, leading to more access by a wider variety of devices than was dreamt of a few years ago. Web computing has increased the emphasis on networking. Devices that were not previously networked now include wired or wireless access. Devices that were networked now have faster network connectivity, provided by either improved networking technology, optimized network implementation code, or both.

The implementation of web-based computing has given rise to new categories of devices, such asload balancers, which distribute network connections among a pool of similar servers. Operating systems like Windows 95, which acted as web clients, have evolved into Linux and Windows XP, which can act as web servers as well as clients. Generally, the Web has increased the complexity of devices, because their users require them to be web-enabled.

Related topic types of operating system environment,operating environment in management

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